Goto Electrochemical Atom and Molecule Analyzers or Glucometers
Nasal Secretions
Blood
Urine
Saliva
Sweat
Tears
Semen
Stool
Interstitial Fluid and Lymphatic Fluid
Breath Condensate
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Intracellular Fluid
Sputum
Puss
Sebum
Ear Wax
Genital Discharge
Hair
BioSensors for Analysis of Biomatrix
|
|
BioSensor Technology |
wearable |
continuous monitoring
|
Label required |
detect ka |
detect koff |
Reader |
Response time |
Recovery time |
energy Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
EM |
SPR -Surface Plasmon Resonance – |
no |
demonstrated |
no |
yes |
yes |
cmos ccd |
|
|
Laser |
MicroRing Resonator Biosensors
|
yes |
theorized |
no |
|
|
laser silicon chip |
10 min |
|
laser |
|
Fluorescent Plasmon Enhanced DNA Sensor |
yes |
no |
|
|
cmos eyeballs |
10 min |
|
laser |
||
BPM – Biosensing by Particle Motion |
no |
demonstrated |
yes- Nanoparticles |
yes |
yes |
cmos ccd |
|
|
white light |
|
FRET – using PANDAS – Protein-Aptamer Switches |
yes |
demonstrated |
yes-fluorescent tags on affinity agent |
yes |
yes |
cmos ccd |
|
|
laser with stokes emission |
|
F-Q Fluorescent Quenching Aptamer Switches |
maybe |
demonstrated |
yes |
yes |
yes |
spectro laser cmos |
|
|
light electricitiy |
|
Colorimetric
|
yes |
demonstrated |
yes |
|
|
cmos |
|
|
absorbance/reflectance wavelength specific |
|
MST – Microscale Thermophoresis |
no |
not demonstrated because enclosed capillary and label required |
yes- fluorescent tags on affinity agent |
yes |
yes |
cmos ccd |
|
|
laser heating Stokes-emission |
|
BLI -Biolayer Interferometry |
no |
|
no |
yes |
yes |
cmos ccd |
|
|
white light tungsten lamp |
|
Fluorescent Protein Nanosensors |
yes |
|
affinity agent incorporates fluorescent aa. |
|
|
cmos ccd |
|
|
stokes emission and energy quenching |
|
SERS – Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy |
maybe |
|
no |
|
|
cmos ccd |
|
|
multiwavelength laser Multiwavelength reflectance spectrometer |
|
DLS – Digital Light Scattering |
no |
|
no |
|
|
cmos ccd |
|
|
laser |
|
CG-MALS – Composition-Gradient Multi Angle Light Scattering |
no |
|
|
|
|
cmos ccd |
|
|
laser white light |
|
Chemiluminescent |
no |
|
|
|
|
cmos ccd |
|
|
wavelength specific |
|
Bioluminescent |
maybe |
|
|
|
|
cmos ccd |
|
|
chemical energy converted to light emission |
|
|
|
Anti-Stokes Luminescent |
maybe |
|
|
|
|
eyeballs cmos ccd |
|
|
anti-stokes light emission |
|
|
SEIRA – Surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy |
maybe |
|
|
|
|
graphene based IR photoelectric |
|
|
quantum cascade laser or electrical generator |
|
|
Radio Frequency Based Spectroscopy |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Terahertz Based Spectroscopy |
no |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E |
Electrochemical –
|
yes |
demonstrated for Aptamer and MIPs. proof of concept with Antibodies not achieved yet. |
no/yes |
|
|
potentiostat |
|
|
electrical current |
Electrochemical –
|
|
|
|
|
|
potentiostat |
|
|
|
|
Electrochemcial
|
maybe |
POC demonstrated , continuous sensing not feasible? |
no |
|
|
potentiostat |
|
|
electrical current |
|
ECL-Electrochemiluminescence
|
yes |
demonstrated but requires microfluidics |
|
|
|
potentiostat spectroscope |
|
|
electrical current |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Electrochemical –
|
yes |
demonstrated |
no/yes |
|
|
FET reader |
|
|
electrical current |
|
|
|
Piezoelectric |
yes |
yes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M |
SQUIDS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Magnetoresistive Sensors
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
90 ms |
90ms |
|
|
|
Hall Effect Sensors |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Magnetoelectric Sensors |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fluxgate Sensors |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Optically Pumped Magnetometers |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Magnetic Particle-Based Biosensors
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T |
Thermometric – see optical or electrical |
|
thermal infrared camera |
|
|
|
|
|
|
heat |
|
A |
Acoustic – see Piezoelectric |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
sound |
Analytes
- Malaria – parasite
- Dengue Virus
- Typhoid Bacteria
- Covid-19 Virus
- RSV
- Influenza A,B
- HMPV
- HIV
- Hepatitis C
- Tuberculosis
- Syphilis
- Rheumatology – Rheumatoid Factor
- Rheumatology – ANA
- Rheumatology – Antiself Antibodies
- Allergy – IGE total levels
- Allergy – specific IGE levels
- Pregnancy/fertility – hCG
- Drugs of abuse ( Cocaine, heroin, fentanyl, methamphetamine, benzos, ketamine, PCP, cannabis)
- Therapeutic drug monitoring ( methadone, taclomid, vancomycin, clozapine, etc )
- Cellular perfusate constituents with circadian rhythms or temporal patterns.
- Exosomes and Ectosomes
- Toxicology
- Cancer biomarkers – PSA,
- Cardiac biomarkers – cardiac Troponin I , beta BNP
- Kidney function biomarkers – Creatinine
- Liver function biomarkers, – AST, ALT
- Genetic diseases – Sickle cell anemia
- Metabolites – Glucose
- Metabolites – Lactate
- Immune System biomarkers – CD4 and CD8 cell counts.
- Addiction Medicine – Opioid Tolerance biomarkers